The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) is a semi-autonomous agency within the United States Department of Energy (DOE) that is responsible for enhancing national security through the military application of nuclear science. The NNSA was established in 2000 and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The NNSA has a number of responsibilities, including maintaining the safety, security, and effectiveness of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile; reducing the global threat of nuclear proliferation and terrorism; and providing the U.S. military with specialized capabilities in nuclear and radiological defense. The NNSA also works to advance nuclear science and technology and to promote the safe and secure use of nuclear materials in the U.S. and around the world. The NNSA is led by the Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security, who is appointed by the President of the United States.